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Leadership as Dharma in action

A Conceptual Leadership Framework

Leadership, understood
as Dharma.

Dharmic Values-Based Leadership (DVBL) integrates Indian Knowledge Systems — Dharma, Nishkama Karma, Lokasangraha — with contemporary leadership theory into a single higher-order framework of nine dimensions.

SUDHAKAR DWIVEDI · JOURNAL OF DAOIST STUDIES, 2026 · WISDOMSUTRAS.ORG
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01 · The Gap

Leadership theory has grown wide, but not whole.

Transformational, servant, ethical, authentic and spiritual leadership have each enriched the field — yet each captures only one slice of what effective, sustainable leadership requires. None combine ethical governance, human development, and collective welfare in a single model.

At the same time, Indian Knowledge Systems — the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra — carry a rich, largely untapped vocabulary for responsible leadership. DVBL brings the two together.

  • TRANSFORMATIONALVision & change, limited on justice and governance
  • SERVANTFollower development, limited institutional accountability
  • ETHICALIntegrity, limited societal and spiritual reach
  • AUTHENTICSelf-awareness, limited stakeholder perspective
  • SPIRITUALPurpose and meaning, limited governance orientation
02 · Philosophical Foundation

Three concepts, one normative base.

DVBL treats these not as religious doctrine, but as universal values applicable to any organisation.

Iधर्म

Dharma

Righteous duty. The moral base of leadership — justice, integrity, transparency, and accountable decision-making that balances organisational aims with stakeholder interests.

IIनिष्काम कर्म

Nishkama Karma

Selfless action. Pursuing organisational goals with commitment and integrity, placing the collective goal above personal gain — the root of mentoring and genuine motivation.

IIIलोकसंग्रह

Lokasangraha

Welfare of the world. Leadership's purpose extended beyond organisational effectiveness to collective well-being, inclusiveness, and sustainable value creation.

03 · The Framework

Three pillars. Nine dimensions.

Each foundation operationalises into a pillar of leadership behaviour, each pillar into three concrete dimensions.

RESTS ON DHARMA

Ethical Governance

Revolves around righteousness, justice, and responsible leadership. Complements contemporary Ethical, Authentic and Inclusive Leadership theory.

Justice, Fairness & Transparency

Impartial decision-making that builds organisational trust.

Accountability

Leaders answer for their decisions and organisational outcomes.

Inclusion

A culture where every viewpoint is considered and employees shape decisions.

RESTS ON NISHKAMA KARMA

Human-Centred Leadership

Selfless action performed for a purpose beyond gain. Aligns with Transformational, Servant and Spiritual Leadership.

Mentoring

Training future leaders through knowledge and skill transfer.

Motivation

Inspiring commitment by connecting work to meaningful purpose.

Team Spirit Building

Deliberately fostering collaboration across the organisation.

RESTS ON LOKASANGRAHA

Collective Welfare & Purpose

Leadership as an instrument for societal well-being and sustainability, extending beyond contemporary leadership theory.

Oneness

Empathy, interconnectivity and mutual respect within the organisation.

Sacrifice

Choosing organisational interest and ethics over personal benefit.

Cause Before Self

Mission-based leadership where effort aligns to organisational purpose.

04 · Mechanism

How DVBL reaches performance.

The proposed model traces a chain from leadership behaviour to sustainable organisational outcomes.

DVBL

Leadership behaviour

01

Employee trust

02

Psychological safety

03

Engagement & commitment

04

Ethical climate

05

Sustainable performance

05 · Positioning

Not a replacement — an integration.

DVBL builds on established theories rather than competing with them.

Theory
Strength
DVBL contribution
Transformational
Vision, inspiration, change
Adds justice, accountability, ethical stewardship
Servant
Service, follower development
Combines service with governance and transparency
Ethical
Integrity, moral conduct
Extends ethics through Lokasangraha and collective welfare
Authentic
Self-awareness, transparency
Broadens authenticity through duty and public welfare
Spiritual
Purpose, intrinsic motivation
Adds justice, accountability and organisational responsibility
Inclusive
Diversity, participation
Expands inclusion into Oneness and stakeholder harmony
06 · Self-Assessment

Where does your leadership sit?

Rate yourself, 1–5, on each of the nine dimensions. This is a reflective tool, not a validated instrument — the DVBL Scale (DVBLS) is proposed for future empirical research.

Ethical Governance
Human-Centred Leadership
Collective Welfare & Purpose
Awaiting input

Adjust the sliders and generate your profile to see it mapped against the nine DVBL dimensions.

07 · Application

A framework built to travel across sectors.

Business

Ethical governance, trust between employer and employee, sustainability.

Public Administration

Transparent governance, accountability, citizen-oriented leadership.

Healthcare

Compassionate leadership, teamwork, ethical decision-making.

Education

Mentoring, inclusive environments, academic leadership.

Armed Forces

Sacrifice, discipline, teamwork, mission-oriented leadership.

NGOs

Service orientation, stakeholder engagement, community development.

08 · Research Agenda

Six propositions for future study.

Formulated for empirical testing via a proposed Dharmic Values-Based Leadership Scale (DVBLS) and structural equation modelling.

P1

DVBL positively impacts employee trust through ethical governance, justice and accountability.

P2

Employee trust positively influences psychological safety, enabling active, collaborative contribution.

P3

Psychological safety positively impacts engagement and organisational commitment.

P4

DVBL positively affects ethical organisational climate via justice, inclusivity and collective well-being.

P5

Ethical organisational climate mediates the relationship between DVBL and sustainable performance.

P6

DVBL positively impacts sustainable organisational performance through trust, commitment and stakeholder-based leadership.